Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Intermediate Practice Exam

What best describes the pathophysiology of angina pectoris?

1. Irreversible myocardial damage

2. Progressive heart failure

3. Reversible process with oxygen supply and demand imbalance

4. Stable coronary artery disease

The correct answer is: Reversible process with oxygen supply and demand imbalance

Angina pectoris is primarily characterized by episodes of chest pain or discomfort that arise from an imbalance between the oxygen supply to the heart muscle and the oxygen demands of the heart. This condition typically occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough blood flow and, consequently, oxygen due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. The process is considered reversible because, during episodes of angina, the underlying myocardial tissue is not permanently damaged. Once the demand for oxygen decreases—such as when a person rests—blood flow can be restored, alleviating the symptoms. This highlights that angina is not a direct cause of irreversible damage, progressive heart failure, or necessarily linked to advanced stages of coronary artery disease, as indicated in the other choices. Instead, it reflects a transient condition driven by factors like increased physical exertion, emotional stress, or anemia, underscoring the importance of managing oxygen supply and demand effectively.